Review for exam 1
Chapter 2
What happens during the different stages of the cell cycle?
What is the purpose of mitosis vs. meiosis?
What happens at the different stages of mitosis vs. the different stages of meiosis?
How are mitosis and meiosis similar? How are they different?
When do homologous chromosomes separate? When do sister chromatids separate?
What two events during meiosis cause the products of meiosis (the 4 daughter cells) to be different from the parent cells?
Be able to look at pictures of the different phases and identify the phase.
Be able to determine the number of chromosomes and the number of DNA molecules
If I tell you how many primary sperm cells you start with, you should be able to figure out how many secondary sperm cells and how many spermatozoa you will get.
If I tell you how many primary oocytes you start with, you should be able to figure out how many secondary oocytes, ovum and polar bodies you will get.
Leptonema, zygonema, pachynema, diplonema, diakinesis are associated with what phase of mitosis or meiosis?
What is the difference between monads and tetrads?
Chapter 3
Define: genotype, phenotype, homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, heterozygous
When do you get a 3:1 (or 1:2:1) ratio? When do you get a 9:3:3:1 ratio? What are the genotypes of the parents from these crosses?
What is a test cross and what does it help you determine?
Be able to perform monohybrid, dihybrid and trihybrid crosses.
Example problem: if you cross RRYy X RrYy, then what will be the genotype and phenotype ratios of the offspring: R = round and is dominant to r = wrinkled, Y = yellow and is dominant to green = y.
Example problem: if you cross RRYyss X RrYySs, then what will be the genotype and phenotype ratios of the offspring: R = round and is dominant to r = wrinkled, Y = yellow and is dominant to green y, S = solid and is dominant to spotted = s.
Use of the binomial theorem:
Example Problems:
What is the probability that of 3 children, 2 will be male and 1 will be female?
What is the probability that of 6 children, 3 will be male and 3 will be female?
In a family of 3 children where both parents are heterozygous for cystic fibrosis, what is the probability that 1 of the children will be normal and 2 will have cystic fibrosis.
In a family of 3 children where one parent is normal and 1 parent has Huntigton’s disease, what is the probability that 1 of the children will be normal and 2 will have Huntington’s disease.
What diseases are autosomal recessive and which ones are autosomal dominant?
Pedigree
If you are given a pedigree, how would you determine if it were an autosomal recessive trait or an autosomal dominant trait. After you determine this, then could you determine the genotype for each person in the pedigree?
Chapter 4
Deviations from Mendel?
What is Incomplete dominance?
What is Codominance?
What are multiple alleles?
What are the ABO blood group antigens?
Know how to do problems with blood types?
If an allele is lethal, how will this affect the observed phenotype/genotype ratios?
What happens when you combine two different modes of heredity?
What if you at probabilities of an autosomal dominant disease and a blood type OR an autosomal dominant disease and incomplete inheritance?
PROBLEM:
If you cross HhIAIB X hhIAIA, what will be the genotype and phenotype of the offspring? IAIB are for blood types and H = Huntington’s disease and h = normal
What is the difference between autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant diseases
What does polygenic mean?
What happens when genes interact? You need to know how to do the epistasis problems.
Dominant, recessive or complementary epistasis
Look at the chapter 4 problem set.
What is pleiotropy?