BIOLOGY 1111 REVIEW SHEET FOR THE FINAL EXAM
What are different domains that animals can be divided into?
Scientific method.
Controls in an experiment.
Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes; differences, examples of each
What are different classes of molecules that can be found in nature? What are the subunits that make up each?
Atomic Mass
Atomic Number
Atoms and molecules
Protons, neutrons and electrons where are they located
How many electrons in each orbital?
Different types of bonds
Ionic, covalent (polar covalent, nonpolar covalent), hydrogen
Peptide bonds
Different organelles in cells
What is the function?
What are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? What are differences between plant and animal cells?
Membranes
Hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic
Different mechanisms for moving molecules
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, pinocytosis, exocytosis, endocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
Endergonic vs. exergonic
Competitive vs. noncompetitive inhibitor
Enzymes
Cell cycle
Mitosis vs. meiosis different results, functions and stages
Where does crossing over occur?
Haploid vs. diploid
Binary fission
Homozygous, heterozygous
Dominant, recessive
Phenotype vs. genotype
Chromosomal makeup of female vs. male
Tumors benign vs. malignant
Diffferent properties of cancer cells
Gregor Mendel laws of segregation and independent assortment
Alleles
Crossing over
Punnett Square, P1, F1 and F2 generations
Know how to do Punnett square problems
Carrier
Dominant and dominant diseases; how do you get them?
Recessive and recessive diseases; how do you get them?
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Sex-linked disorders
Ways to detect to genetic abnormalities
Amniocentesis, chronic villus sampling, ultra sound, alpha fetal protein
Other types of genetic tests
Prenatal testing, newborn screenings, predictive testing
Codominance what is and what is an example?
Polygenic a single characteristic influenced by many genes
Pleiotropy a single gene affecting many phenotypes
Linkage
Males XX
Females XY
Sex linked genes punnett squares; are males or females more likely to get these diseases? Is the gene carried on the X or the Y chromosome?
Genotype
Phenotype
What are differences between RNA and DNA?
What bases bind together? How many hydrogen bonds do they have?
What makes up a nucleotide?
How does one nucleotide bind to the next nucleotide?
What is the difference between replication, transcription and translation?
What is the difference between DNA polymerase, DNA ligase and RNA polymerase?
What happens during each process?
What is a promoter?
What is an intron and an exon?
What is the difference between mRNA, tRNA and rRNA?
What are the A and P sites? What process are they involved with?
Know your numbers!!!!
Is DNA and RNA single or double stranded?
How many different bases are there?
How many different amino acids are there?
How many bases are in a codon?
How many different combinations of codons are there?
What is the difference between a codon and an anticodon?
What codon signals the start of translation? You should know this one codon.
What does the word stop codon mean? (you dont need to know the different codons)
What does the word degenerate mean?
What happens at the ribosome?
Electrophoresis
What is the purpose of electrophoresis?
What is the gel made up of when you are working with DNA molecules?
What is the purpose of the comb?
What is the purpose of ethidium bromide?
What is the purpose of the colored dye?
What is the purpose of a micropipette?
Does DNA migrate towards the negative or positive electrode and why?
Is the red electrode the negative or the positive electrode?
Do small or large DNA molecules migrate faster through the gel?
How are DNA and protein electrophoresis different?
Metabolism
Photosynthesis vs. cellular respiration differences
Starting and ending products of each cycle.
ATP produced
Where does each cycle take place?
What is the purpose of each?
What are features or molecules formed in the different cycles?