BIOLOGY 1112 Introductory Biology II On-Line OBJECTIVES

Lesson 1- Mendelian Genetics, Part I and II

1. Define or describe the following:
• dominant
• recessive
• allele
• gene
• heterozygous
• homozygous
• genotype
• phenotype
• testcross
• mutation
2. Describe the principle of segregation and the principle of independent assortment.
3. Be able to work a monohybrid cross, a test cross, and crosses related to incomplete dominance.
4. Recognize when it is appropriate and be able to work a test cross.
5. Recognize how the laws of probability apply to genetics.
6. Differentiate between incomplete dominance, codominance, and epistasis.
7. Be able to work a dihybrid cross.
8. Be able to work crosses related to codominance, and epistasis.

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 Lesson 2 - Human Genetics

1. Define or describe the following: sex determination, autosomes, sex chromosomes, sex- linkage, and incomplete dominance.
2. Recognize how sex is determined and be able to work sex-linked crosses.
3. Define or describe the following: karyotype, amniocentesis, deletion, nondisjunction, inversion, substitution, duplication, trisomy, and chromosome deletions
4. Describe occurrence and the consequences of nondisjunction.
5. Recognize that some nondisjunctions do not result in lethal conditions.
6. Describe occurrence and the consequences of Down's Syndrome.
7. Describe the procedure of amniocentesis and the importance of this procedure.
8. Be able to read and/or construct a human pedigree.

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  Lesson 3 - Nucleic Acid Structure and Function

1. Define or describe the following terms: transformation, bacteriophage, virulent, complementarity, antiparallel, nitrogenous base, purine, pyrimidine, nucleotide, deoxyribose, template, double helix, semi-conservative, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase, replication fork, and lead and lag strands.
2. Identify significant aspects of the conclusions and methods in the experiments of:

   a. Griffith
   b. Hershey-Chase
   c. Chargaff
   e. Watson-Crick

3. Recognize the molecular structures of deoxyribose, adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine.
4. Classify nitrogenous bases as purines or pyrimidines.
5. Recognize the generalized structure of a nucleotide.
6. Describe the complementary, anti-parallel nature of the DNA molecule by drawing a six nucleotide segment of the DNA molecule including all four bases.
7. Describe DNA replication.
8. List the criteria that the model of the genetic material must meet, and show how the current model of  DNA structure/replication meets these criteria.

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 Lesson 4 - Protein Synthesis and Control of Gene Expression

1. Define or describe the following terms: ribose, central dogma, ribosomal RNA, codon, triplet code, promoter, initiation, termination, mutation, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, transcription, DNA hybridization, anticodon, terminator, elongation, RNA polymerase.
2. Define the central dogma, including translation and transcription.
3. Describe transcription and the role of RNA polymerase.
4. Compare transcription in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
5. Differentiate between introns and exons.
6. Distinguish between mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.
7. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA structure.
8. Describe translation (protein synthesis) in terms of initiation, elongation, and termination.
9. Describe chromosome packaging and X-chromosome inactivation.
10. Explain how expression of genes influences tissue formation, phenotypes in cats, and development of cancer.

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Lesson 5 - Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering

1. Explain how genetic recombination occurs naturally.
2. Understand what plasmids are, and how they may be used to insert new genes into recombinant DNA molecules
3. Describe how DNA can be cleaved, spliced, cloned,used as a probe, and extracted.
4. Be aware of several limits and possibilities for future research in genetic engineering.

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Lesson 6 - Plant Structure, Reproduction, and Development

1. Describe the evolutionary history of the plant kingdom.
2. Describe the concept of alternation of generations.
3. Describe the life cycles of a moss, fern, pine, and angiosperm differentiating between sporophyte and gametophytes stages in each plant life cycle.
4. Describe the basic structure of the plant body, and discuss how this overall structure is an adaptation to the basic function of plants in terrestrial environments.
5. Describe the types of cells and three tissue systems found in plants.
6. Differentiate primary and secondary growth, describing where and how each kind of growth occurs.
7. Distinguish between pollination and fertilization.
8. Describe seed and fruit development.
9. Describe seed germination.
10. Compare monocots and dicots.
11. Describe the structure and function of the parts of a flower.

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Lesson 7 - Evolution of Animal Diversity: The Invertebrates

1. List four features that distinguish animals from other organisms.
2. Describe the life cycle of a sea star.
3. Define or describe the following: acoelomate, polymorphism, amebocytes, polyp, bilateral, pseudocoelomate, choanocyte, radial, coelomate, radula, , spicule, gastrovascular cavity, tube feet, medusa, water vascular system, metamere, osmoregulation
4. Describe the major advances in body structure and function that made invertebrates increasingly large and complex.
5. Trace the development of symmetry, body cavity, cephalization, and segmentation in the invertebrates.

Provide two characteristics for each invertebrate phylum which clearly distinguish it from the other phyla.
6. Describe the specialized life cycles of the representative organisms that belong to the Phylum Cnidaria.
7. Distinguish between an endoskeleton and an exoskeleton.
8. Differentiate between organisms that are acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate.
9. List a representative animal from each invertebrate phylum and an additional representative from each class of the larger phyla.

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Lesson 8 - Evolution of Animal Diversity: The Vertebrates

1. Describe the four characteristics that are distinctive of chordates.
2. Be able to distinguish between invertebrates in general, invertebrate chordates, and vertebrate chordates.
3. List and differentiate between the major subphyla and classes of vertebrates.
4. Give an example of each of the major subphyla and classes of vertebrates.

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1. Describe the general ways that animals feed.
2. Distinguish between ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
3. Explain how chemical digestion generally involves enzyme activity, in the environments provided by specific organs, to hydrolyze macromolecules into their monomeric units.
4. Describe the specific digestive functions of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and the digestive glands associated with each.
5. Name and explain the three basic chemical needs satisfied by digested food.
6. Discuss the aspects of a healthy diet and the potential problems stemming from improper diet.

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1. Understand the purpose of gas exchange, and the types of surfaces that are necessary for it to take place.
2. Name factors that influence gas exchange.
3. Describe the mechanisms used by invertebrates and vertebrates for gas exchange.
• integumentary exchange
• gills (invertebrate)
• tracheal respiration
• gills (vertebrate)
• lungs
• air sacs of birds
4. Understand the significance of respiratory pigments such as hemoglobin.
5. Trace the route of air into and out of the human lungs.
6. Understand the role of the respiratory system in speech, acid/base balance, and defense against air borne organisms.

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1. Explain how the cardiovascular systems of vertebrates differ from those of invertebrates.
2. Describe the composition and functions of blood.
3. Compare and contrast the circulatory system of  a jelly-fish, grasshopper, and a vertebrate.
• Describe cardiac muscle and how it varies from skeletal muscle.
4. Locate the following structures on a human heart:
• Inferior vena cava
• pulmonary semilunar valve
• right and left ventricles
• superior vena cava
• aorta
• aortic semilunar valve
• right and left atria
• pulmonary trunk and arteries
• openings to coronary arteries
• interventricular septum
• pulmonary veins
• papillary muscles
• tricuspid valve
• bicuspid valve (mitral)
• chordae tendinea
5. Be able to trace a drop of blood through the complete pulmonary and systemic circuits.
6. Explain what is happening during each portion of the cardiac cycle.
• Explain electrical conduction from the SA Node to the Purkinje fibers.
• Identify key points about the electrocardiogram (ECG), and relate it to the nodal tissue.
7. Distinguish between arteries, veins, capillaries, arterioles, and venules.
8. Explain what is meant by "blood pressure".
• Compare blood pressure in arteries, capillaries, and veins.
• List factors that influence blood pressure.

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1. Compare the water balance problems and solutions of fresh water fish, salt water bony fish, and terrestrial animals (more specifically desert animals).
2. Explain how animals dispose of nitrogenous wastes.
3. Name and describe the parts of the nephron and of the excretory system of humans.
4. Define or describe the following: filtration, proximal, secretion, distal, reabsorption, loop of Henle, excretion, nephron
5. Discuss in detail the process of urine formation in humans explaining:
• the source of urea
• filtration, secretion, reabsorption, and concentration in nephrons
• excretion and substances excreted
6. Describe the formation of hypertonic urine in the human nephron, including the role of hormones.

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Last updated April 14, 2002
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