Exam 1 Study Guide

Pay attention to individual animal examples and how they illustrate basic concepts.

Chapter 1

• Mechanism and origin as the two basic questions in physiology.  How does the firefly example illustrate mechanism and origin?
• Conformity and regulation in animals
• Homeostasis and negative and positive feedback loops.  What does Claude Bernard mean by "Constancy of the internal environment is the condition for free life?"
• The 5 time frames in which physiology changes and examples
• The 3 major components that make up an "environment" and how organisms adapt to extreme conditions.

Chapter 5

• The composition of the adult human body and the implications for nutrition for this composition.
• The importance of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals in our diet.
• Different feeding mechanisms--examples of each
• The implications of short and long food chains.
• Chemical and mechanical digestion, the three locations where digestion occurs.
• The three different absorptive plans and their examples
• The enzymes involved in the digestion of particular foods.
• Mechanisms of absorption
• The three stages of digestion in human gut and the role of the different hormones.
• The different time frames over which digestion can change.

Chapter 6

• Why is energy important and why is it the common currency in comparing different processes, natural and manmade?
• What are the different kinds of energy and how do they vary in their capacity to do work?
• Animals' use of energy to perform 3 major functions.
• Direct and indirect measurement of energy expended--the units and what is being measured.
• The factors that affect metabolic rate and how they affect metabolic rate.
• How metabolic rate is measured in different kinds of organisms, homeotherms, poikilotherms, and fish.
• Understand the allometric relationship between body weight and size and how this relationship impacts particular physiologies and ecological environments.
• The energetics of food, growth and mental activity.
• Know to what the different parts of the allometric equation refer.