Study Guide for Exam 3

Chapter 5

Different type of mutations--point mutations, transitions, transversions, replacement (nonsynonymous) substitutions and synonymous substitutions, loss-of-function mutations

Mutation rates

• Direct measurements of mutation rates: Dee Denver and colleagues study of mutation in C. elegans
• Natural selection effects on mutation rates
• Fitness effects of mutation: Denver studies
  • What is the selection coefficient and what does it tell us?
• Role of mutations in evolution of a population

New genes (Summary table 5,2 useful)

• Gene duplication: paralogous, orthologous, pseudogenes
• Unequal cross-over: when and how does it occur?
• chromosome mutations: inversions and their effect on linkage
• clines
• Genome duplication: polyploidy

Measuring genetic variation

• Determining genotype and allelic frequency.
• Evidence that supports genetic diversity in populations

Chapter 6

• KNOW THE HARDY-WEINBERG  EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION
• The two fundamental conclusions of H-W Equilibrium principle
• The assumptions of the H-W Equilibrium principle
• How does H-W help analyze selection?
•  Understand Figure 6.12
•  Cavener and Clegg on natural selection in D. melanogaster population
• Study of kuru by Mead and colleagues.  Know the experiment and the genetics behind the disease.
• Patterns of selection: know experiments

• Selection on dominant and recessive alleles: how does the change in allele frequencies vary (Fig. 6.17)

• Selection on heterozygotes and homozygotes

• Heterozygote superiority or overdominance

•  Heterozygote inferiority or underdominance

•  Stable and unstable equilibria

• Frequency dependent selection

  •  What are the scientific (not ethical) reasons why compulsory sterilization is poor policy

  •   Effects of mutation on selection

  •  Study of E. coli

  • Mutation selection balance

• Cystic fibrosis example

•  Typhoid fever example

   

  Chapter 7

·         The greater prairie chicken example at the beginning and end of chapter

Migration affects on H-W: island and continent populations and migration effects from one to another

• The Lake Erie water snake study

·         Migration as homogenizing populations

• The bladder campion study (Fig 7.9)

Genetic drift

o   Small population effects

o   Founder effects and sampling error as a mechanism of drift

§  Study of silvereyes in Australia and New Zealand

o   Random fixation and loss of heterozygosity in small populations

§  Buri’s lab study (1956) on drift in D. melanogaster

§  Templeton and colleagues (1990, 2001, 2003) studies on Ozark glade population of collared lizards

·         Rate of evolution by genetic drift

• substitution and rate of evolution

• Neutral theory and selectionist theory--know the central tenets.  The rest of neutral theory will be on the final

Nonrandom mating

• Inbreeding effects on allelic frequency

• empirical research on inbreeding--sea otter studies

• Inbreeding depression--what causes it and what are the effects of inbreeding?

• The great tit study

The greater prairie chicken conclusion--increasing fitness